JLPT N4 Grammar List

Used to express multiple examples or possibilities; 'such as', 'like', 'for example'.

Express that A is not as much as B; 'not as... as', 'not... to the extent of'.

Expressing that A is not as ~ as B; 'not as...as'

Comparing two things; 'B is more ~ than A'.

Express a change happening or making something change.

Used to indicate change or decision; 'to become' or 'to make' with na-adjectives.

Expresses 'only', 'nothing but', or 'no other'.

Used to indicate a choice or decision, 'to decide on' or 'to choose'.

To become; to change into; to turn into.

Used to express purpose or reason; 'for', 'for the sake of', 'in order to'.

Expresses 'while' or 'during' a specific period or time.

Expresses 'only', 'nothing but', 'always', or 'just'.

To give something to someone; 'give', 'offer', 'present'.

To receive or accept something politely; 'to receive', 'to get', 'to accept'.

Used to express someone doing something as a favor or for the benefit of the speaker.

Expresses that someone gives a thing to the speaker or someone close to the speaker.

A polite way of expressing to give something.

To receive or get something from someone; 'to receive', 'to get'.

Express 'in the middle of', 'during', or 'in the process of'.

Express the passive causative form; 'to be made to', 'to be forced to'.

Expresses 'to make someone do something', 'to let someone do something', or 'to cause someone to do something'.

Expresses the experience of having done something in the past.

Express an action or event that occurred at a specific time in the past; 'when', 'at the time'.

Expresses the situation right after an action has taken place.

Used to give advice or make a suggestion to someone - 'it's better if...'.

Used to describe the purpose or reason for an action; 'for the sake of', 'in order to', 'because of'.

Express the intention, plan, or determination to do something; 'I intend to', 'I plan to', 'I'm determined to'.

Used to express doing something for someone; 'do something for someone'.

Indicates that an action has been done and its result is still in effect.

Expresses an action that continues on into the future or a change that progresses over time.

Express a polite request or desire that someone does something for you.

Used to express receiving someone's favor or help; 'to kindly do'.

A polite request; 'Could you please...', 'Would you mind...'

Expresses an ongoing action or a state resulting from a past action.

Describes an action that is currently happening; 'in the middle of', 'in the process of'.

Expresses 'while' or 'during the time' something is happening.

Perform an action in preparation for a future situation; 'to do something in advance'.

Polite request for asking someone for a favor.

Expresses gratitude for receiving someone's favor; 'to kindly do'.

An action that starts in the past and continues to the present or future; 'come to', 'begin to', 'become'.

A polite way to request someone to do something for you; 'Could you please', 'Would you please', 'Won't you'.

Expresses that someone does something for the speaker (or another person in speaker's group); 'to do something for me/us'.

A polite way to express giving or doing something for someone.

Expresses unintentional actions or actions with regrettable outcomes; 'to end up doing', 'to accidentally do'.

Express a desire for someone else to do something; 'I want (someone) to'.

Used to express 'try to' or 'attempt to do'.

Express a desire to receive a favor or service from someone else.

Express receiving a favor or action from someone.

A polite way to ask for a favor or request someone to do something.

Expresses that something doesn't always happen or there are occasions when it doesn't happen.

To decide not to do something.

Expresses a result; 'end up not', 'it will become that', 'it would mean that'.

Expresses the idea that it is better not to do something.

Expresses 'while' or 'as' in the sense of doing two things simultaneously.

A command form used to give orders or instructions; 'Please do', 'Do this'.

Express difficulty or complexity; 'hard to', 'difficult to', 'not easily'.

Indicates that something is easy to do; 'easy to', 'easy for'.

Express intention or plan to do something; 'I think I will', 'I plan to', 'I intend to'.

Used to express 'like', 'as if', 'in order to', or 'so that'.

Make an effort to; try to; see to it that; ensure that.

Express a change in ability, situation or state; 'become able to', 'come to', 'begin to'.

Tell someone to do something; 'tell to do', 'instruct to do'.

Expresses passive voice or potential form for verbs.

Used to express that something happens sometimes or has happened before.

Express ability or possibility of doing an action; 'can', 'be able to', 'is possible'.

Decide to do something, make a decision.

Indicates that something has been decided or arranged; 'it has been decided that', 'it turns out that'.

Describes the time when a certain action takes place; 'when', 'at the time'.

Expresses the state or moment when an action is about to happen or is happening.

Express the action of taking something out, starting an action, or emphasizing a verb.

Indicates the way or method of doing something; often read as '～かた' ('how to', 'the way of').

Verbal action is completed; 'to finish', 'to end'.

To continue doing or to keep doing an action.

Indicates uncertainty or doubt; 'I wonder', 'I'm not sure'.

Used to express 'whether' or 'if' in indirect questions or statements.

Expresses uncertainty or wonder; 'I wonder', 'I'm not sure'.

Express uncertainty; 'maybe', 'might', 'possibly'.

Express a reason or cause; 'because', 'since', 'due to'.

Indicate a soft contrast or contradiction; 'but', 'however'.

Express a polite request to allow or permit someone to do something.

Express multiple reasons or characteristics; 'and', 'because', 'since'.

Expresses that something is excessive or overdone; 'too much', 'too', 'over'.

Indicates equal distribution; 'each', 'per', 'apiece'.

Express the appearance, seeming, or feeling of something; 'looks like', 'seems', 'appears'.

Expresses 'that kind/type of'; referring to something near the listener or previously mentioned.

Expresses 'not so much', 'not that', or 'not so ~'.

Expressing a desire or suggestion for a particular outcome; 'it would be good if', 'should', 'I hope'.

Making polite suggestions; 'how about if', 'what if', 'it would be good if'.

Express a suggestion or advice; 'what if', 'how about', 'why don't you'.

Used to list multiple actions or states; 'doing things like', 'and so on', 'etc.'

Express probability, likelihood or certainty; 'probably', 'maybe', 'I think'.

Used to quote, define, or specify a noun.

Indicates the means, method, or place.

A conjecture or probability; 'probably', 'I think', 'it seems'.

Expresses prohibition; 'must not', 'cannot'.

To give or ask permission; 'it's okay to', 'may', 'can'.

Expresses 'even if' or 'even though'; used to convey contradiction or contrast.

Express a wish or hope; 'I hope', 'it would be good if'.

Used to define or explain a noun more specifically.

Asking for clarification or more information about a noun; 'what kind of', 'what sort of'.

Express one's thoughts or opinions; 'I think', 'I believe'.

Used to quote, express hearsay or define something.

Express a necessity; 'must', 'have to', 'need to'.

Express a necessity or obligation; 'must', 'have to'.

Express the obligation to do something; 'have to', 'must', 'need to'.

Expresses the necessity or obligation; 'must', 'have to'.

Expresses that something is not necessary to do; 'it's okay if not', 'don't have to'.

Express obligation or necessity; 'must', 'have to', 'need to'.

Indicates direction, destination, purpose, or time.

Express a reason or a cause for something; 'because', 'since', 'so'.

Provides an explanation or gives background information; 'the fact is', 'the reason is', 'actually'.

Used to express contrast between expectation and reality, or to indicate a purpose for doing something

Express a suggestion or advice; 'should', 'it would be good if'.

Indicates extent, 'until', 'up to', 'as far as', 'even'.

Express 'by' or 'before' a certain time or action.

Express 'as it is', 'while' or 'unchanged state'.

Indicates similarity, resemblance or 'like'; 'it seems', 'appears', 'looks like'.

Indicates 'also', 'too', or 'as well'.

Expresses appearance, similarity or inference; 'it seems', 'it looks like', 'it appears'.

Provide an explanation or reason; 'it is that', 'the thing is', 'the reason is'.

Shows additional information; 'furthermore', 'besides', 'in addition'.

Used to connect two sentences; 'So', 'That's why', 'Therefore'.

Express 'in addition to; besides,' used to include additional information.

Express reason or cause; 'because', 'so', 'therefore'.